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初三英语:阅读理解单词不认识?这8个技巧一定要看

0 2023-03-10

  类属法


  即通过类属来推测词义。如:


  ■Bananas,oranges,pineapples,coconuts and some other kinds of fruit grow in warm areas.


  说明:从句意我们知道pineapples和coconuts与bananas,oranges是同类事物,同属水果(准确地说是“菠萝”和“椰子”)。


  推理法


  即根据文章的前后语境推出生词的词义。如:


  ■That museum is so immense that it will be impossible to see all the exhibits in one day.


  说明:既然一天之内看不完所有的展品,那么immense的意思应该是“很大”了。


  ■Everyone agreed that the woman in the photo was gorgeous.It was easy to see why she had won the beauty contest.


  说明:既然“她在选美比赛中获胜”,说明她“很美丽”(gorgeous)。


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  列举法


  即通过对文章所列举的事物来猜测生词的词义。如:


  ■Children like such creatures as dogs and monkeys.


  说明:像dogs和monkeys之类的“creatures”,显然creatures的意思应是“动物”。


  ■In your spare time,you may look through any of these periodicals:Time Magazine,News Week,or The New Worker.


  说明:periodical是生词,但根据其后所列举的例子,我们可以推测出它的意思可能是“期刊”或“杂志”。


  构词法


  即根据前缀、后缀、复合、派生等构词知识判断生词的词义。如:


  ■Overwork may cause diseases.


  说明:前缀over-的意思是“过分的,过量的”,故overwork的意思应为“工作过度”。


  ■There was a dissatisfied look in the manager’s eyes.


  说明:satisfied的意思是“满意的”,前缀dis-的意思是“不”,故dissatisfied的意思应该是“不满意的”。


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  对比法


  即根据文章前后的对比关系确定生词的词义。如:


  ■He had been getting better,but during the night his condition deteriorated.


  说明:句中的but表明deteriorate应该与get better的意思相反,即“恶化”。


  ■In many countries there are two financial extremes,from penury to great wealth.


  说明:上文说两个经济上的极端,那么下文中penury应与great wealth相对,即表示“贫困”。


  ■Mrs.Smith is loquacious while her husband is the silent type.


  说明:while表对比,意为“而”,所以loquacious应是silent的反义,即“多嘴的”。


  ■If you agree,draw a circle;and a cross if you dissent.


  说明:既然画圈表示同意,那么画叉便是“不同意”(dissent)。


  同位法


  同位语是对所修饰词语的进一步说明和解释,若对所修饰的词语不熟悉,可通过其后同位语的“说明或解释”来确定其词义。如:


  ■His father is an expert in phonetics,the study of the sounds of language.


  说明:同位语the study of the sounds of language表示phonetics的意思应该是“语音学”。


  ■Jean was born with spina bifida,a birth illness that damages the spine(脊骨).


  说明:同位语a birth illness that damages the spine表明了spina bifida是一种病,一种对脊骨有损害的病。


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  释义法


  即根据文章中所提供的释义关系来确定生词的词义。如:


  ■They described him as a loon,or a mad man.


  说明:句中的or是对loon的解释,即loon与a mad man同义,即表示“疯子”。


  ■It will be very hard but also very brittle,that is,it will break easily.


  说明:句中的that is表明it will break easily是对brittle的解释,从而猜测出其意为“脆”。


  ■The herdsman,who looks after sheep,earns about 500 yuan a year.


  说明:定语从句who looks after sheep表明herdsman的词义为“牧人”。


  ■There are three kinds of snow.One kind is a fluffy snow that is somewhat dry andfeathery?


  说明:定语从句that is somewhat dry and feathery(有点儿干、像羽毛似的)表明fluffy snow的意思可能是“鹅毛大雪”。


  常识法


  即根据普通常识推测生词的词义。如:


  ■It’s said that Bill Gates is the most affluent person in the world.


  说明:根据常识,Bill Gates为世界首富,所以affluent可能是“富有的”。


  ■As a scientist,Edison is very famous for his contrivances.


  说明:根据常识,Edison为发明大王,他应因“发明”而闻名于世。